Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prize is awarded for outstanding contributions in Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Economics and Physiology or Medicine. This award is a Sweden-based international monetary prize.
The man behind the Nobel Prize is ALFRED NOBEL a Swedish chemist, industrialist, he is also the inventor of the high explosive dynamite. The foundations of the Nobel Prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth for its establishment. It took almost 5 years to establish the Nobel Foundation to execute the plans and to overcome various hurdles. The first prize was awarded on 10th December 1901.
The committees and institutions serving as the selection boards for the Nobel Prizes typically announce the names of the laureates in October month.
The award were presented to the laureates in the ceremonies held annually on 10 December, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death.
The official name for Nobel Prize for ECONOMIC is the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel It is not actually one of the Nobel Prizes, which were established by the will of Alfred Nobel during 1895. The first Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded in 1969.
The Nobel laureates are selected by respective Nobel Committees. The following institutions are specifically designated in selecting laureates and also take responsible for prizes:
The man behind the Nobel Prize is ALFRED NOBEL a Swedish chemist, industrialist, he is also the inventor of the high explosive dynamite. The foundations of the Nobel Prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth for its establishment. It took almost 5 years to establish the Nobel Foundation to execute the plans and to overcome various hurdles. The first prize was awarded on 10th December 1901.
The committees and institutions serving as the selection boards for the Nobel Prizes typically announce the names of the laureates in October month.
The award were presented to the laureates in the ceremonies held annually on 10 December, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death.
The official name for Nobel Prize for ECONOMIC is the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel It is not actually one of the Nobel Prizes, which were established by the will of Alfred Nobel during 1895. The first Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded in 1969.
The Nobel laureates are selected by respective Nobel Committees. The following institutions are specifically designated in selecting laureates and also take responsible for prizes:
- The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences- a committee consists of five members responsible for the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry and Economics. In 1968, the Sveriges Riksbank established the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economics in Memory of Alfred Nobel. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences was given the task to select the Economics Prize Laureates starting in 1969.
- The Swedish Academy a committee of four to five members responsible for the Prize in Literature.
- The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute - for prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- The Norwegian Nobel Committee consists of five members elected by the Norwegian Storting(the Norwegian parliament)responsible for Peace Prize.
AWARD CEREMONIES:
The Nobel Laureates take center stage in Stockholm on 10 December when they receive the Nobel Prize Medal, Nobel Prize Diploma and document confirming the Nobel Prize amount from King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. In Oslo, the Nobel Peace Prize Laureates receive their Nobel Peace Prize from the Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee in the presence of King Harald V of Norway. An important part is the presentation of the Nobel Lectures by the Nobel Laureates. In Stockholm, the lectures are presented days before the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony. In Oslo, the Nobel Laureates deliver their lectures during the Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremony.
The Nobel Peace Prize ceremony has been held at the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–1946); at the Aula of the University of Oslo (1947–1990); and most recently at the Oslo City Hall.
*In this year(2009) 5 of the 13 new Nobel Laureates are women, the largest number ever to join the ranks in a single year.
*From 1901 to 2009, a total of 829 Nobel Laureates have been awarded the Nobel Prize, comprising 806 Nobel Laureates and 23 organizations.
The Nobel Peace Prize ceremony has been held at the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–1946); at the Aula of the University of Oslo (1947–1990); and most recently at the Oslo City Hall.
*A maximum of three laureates and two different works may be selected per award. Each award can be given to a maximum of three recipients per year.
There is no Nobel Prize in Mathematics, which has led to considerable speculation about why Alfred Nobel omitted it.
*In this year(2009) 5 of the 13 new Nobel Laureates are women, the largest number ever to join the ranks in a single year.
*From 1901 to 2009, a total of 829 Nobel Laureates have been awarded the Nobel Prize, comprising 806 Nobel Laureates and 23 organizations.
| Category | Number of Nobel Laureates |
|---|---|
| Physics | 187 |
| Chemistry | 157 |
| Physiology or Medicine | 195 |
| Literature | 106 |
| Peace | 97 + 23organizations |
| Economic Sciences | 64 |
| Total | 829 |
Two Nobel Laureates were honoured in different Prize categories — Marie Curie was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics and the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and Linus Pauling was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize. Four other Nobel Laureates, two individuals and two organizations, received the Nobel Prize more than once in the same category. This makes a total of 802 individuals and 20 unique organizations who have received the Nobel Prize.
Persons or Organizations who has won more than once:
- Marie Curie received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics, and the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry;
- John Bardeen received the 1956 and the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics;
- Frederick Sanger received the 1958 and the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry;
- International Committee of the Red Cross (Comité International de la Croix Rouge) received the 1917, 1944 and 1963 Nobel Peace Prize;
- Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees received the 1954 and the 1981 Nobel Peace Prize;
- Linus Pauling received the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize.
Nobel Prize are forbidden to be awarded posthumously.
*Mahatma Gandhi was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize five times between 1937 and 1948 but never received the prize, being assassinated on 30 January 1948 two days before the closing date for the 1948 Peace Prize nominations. The Norwegian Nobel Committee had very likely planned to give him the Peace Prize in 1948 as they considered a posthumous award, but ultimately decided against it, and instead chose not to award the prize that year.
The Nobel Laureate receives three things:
- a diploma,
- a medal and
- a document confirming the prize amount.
The grant is currently 10 million SEK, slightly more than US$1.4 million.
If there are two winners in a particular category, the award grant is divided equally between the recipients. If there are three, the awarding committee has the option of dividing the grant equally, or awarding one-half to one recipient and one-quarter to each of the others. It is not uncommon for recipients to donate prize money to benefit scientific, cultural or humanitarian causes.
The strict rules against a prize being awarded to more than three people at once is also a cause for controversy. Where a prize is awarded to recognize an achievement by a team of more than three collaborators, inevitably one or more will miss out.
Two laureates voluntarily declined the Nobel Prize:
- Jean-Paul Sartre, who was awarded the Literature Nobel Prize in 1964. He explained for his refusal- He said he did not wish to be "transformed" by such an award, and did not want to take sides in an East vs. West cultural struggle by accepting an award from a prominent Western cultural institution. However somedays before Nobel committee announced the award, Sartre had written a letter to the Nobel Institute, asking to be removed from the list of nominees, and that he would not accept the prize if awarded, but the letter went unread.
- Lê Đức Thọ - He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973 jointly with Henry Kissinger for their efforts in negotiating the Paris Peace Accords intended to establish peace in Vietnam. However, he declined to accept the award, stating that there was still no peace in his country.
Adolf Hitler constrained three laureates not to accept the Nobel Prize; however, they were given their prizes after the end of the Second World War:
- Richard Kuhn, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1938
- Adolf Butenandt, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939
- Gerhard Domagk, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1939
The Soviet Union government also constrained Boris Pasternak not to accept his Nobel Prize in Literature in 1958. The Nobel medal was finally presented to Pasternak's son, Yevgeny, at a ceremony in Stockholm during the Nobel week of December 1989
MEDALS:
The Nobel Prize medals in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine and Literature have identical obverses: it shows the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (1833–1896). Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize Medal and the Medal for the Prize in Economics, but with a slightly different design. The image on the reverse varies according to the institution awarding the prize. All medals made before 1980 were struck in 23 carat gold. Today, they are made from 18 carat green gold plated with 24 carat gold. They each weigh approximately 200 g and have a diameter of 66 mm.
The Nobel Prize Medal for Physics and Chemistry:
The medal of The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences represents Nature in the form of a goddess resembling Isis, emerging from the clouds and holding in her arms a cornucopia. The veil which covers her cold and austere face is held up by the Genius of Science.
The inscription reads:Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes
loosely translated "And they who bettered life on earth by their newly found mastery."
The name of the Nobel Laureate is engraved on the plate below the figures, and the text "REG. ACAD. SCIENT. SUEC." stands for The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
The Nobel Prize Medal for Physics and Chemistry was designed by Erik Lindberg.
The Nobel Prize Medal for Physiology or Medicine:
The medal of the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute represents the Genius of Medicine holding an open book in her lap, collecting the water pouring out from a rock in order to quench a sick girl's thirst.
The inscription reads:
Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes
loosely translated "And they who bettered life on earth by their newly found mastery."
The name of the laureate is engraved on the plate below the figures, and the text "REG. UNIVERSITAS MED. CHIR. CAROL." stands for the Karolinska Institute.
The Nobel Prize Medal for Physiology or Medicine was designed by Erik Lindberg.
The Nobel Prize Medal for Literature:
The medal of the Swedish Academy represents a young man sitting under a laurel tree who, enchanted, listens to and writes down the song of the Muse.
The inscription reads:
Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes
loosely translated "And they who bettered life on earth by their newly found mastery."
The name of the Laureate is engraved on the plate below the figures, and the text "ACAD. SUEC." stands for the the Swedish Academy.
The Nobel Prize Medal for Literature was designed by Erik Lindberg.
The Nobel Peace Prize Medal:
The face of the medal of the Norwegian Nobel Committee shows Alfred Nobel in a pose slightly different from that of the other medals. The inscription is the same.
The other side of the Nobel Peace Prize medal represents a group of three men forming a fraternal bond.The inscription reads:
Pro pace et fraternitate gentium
translated "For the peace and brotherhood of men".
"Prix Nobel de la Paix", the relevant year, and the name of the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate is engraved on the edge of the medal.
The Nobel Peace Prize Medal was designed by Gustav Vigeland.
The Medal for The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel:
The medal for The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel shows the North Star emblem of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, dating from 1815, with the words "Kungliga Vetenskaps Akademien" (The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) around the edge.
The upper half of the face of the medal depicts Alfred Nobel, but in a pose different from the one appearing on the Nobel Prize Medals.Around the upper edge are the words:
Sveriges Riksbank till Alfred Nobels Minne 1968
(The Sveriges Riksbank, in memory of Alfred Nobel, 1968)
The lower half displays the bank's crossed horns of plenty. This design distinguishes it from the medals of the five prizes awarded under the terms of Alfred Nobel's 1895 will.
The name of the Economics Laureate is engraved on the edge of the medal.
The Medal for The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was designed by Gunvor Svensson-Lundqvist.
ALFRED NOBEL(21 October 1833–10 December 1896) WILL:
Alfred Nobel is responsible for designation of Nobel Foundation and is behind the task of awarding the outstanding performances in fields from physics, chemistry, maths, physiology or medicine.
In his last will and testament, Alfred Nobel specifically designated the institutions responsible for the prizes he wished to be established: The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for the Nobel Prize in Physics and Chemistry, Karolinska Institute for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, the Swedish Academy for the Nobel Prize in Literature, and a Committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Parliament (Storting) for the Nobel Peace Prize.
His last Will is as follows:
The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following way:
"The capital shall be invested by my executors in safe securities and shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics; one part to the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine; one part to the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency; and one part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity among nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.
The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiological or medical works by Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm; and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my expressed wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, so that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be Scandinavian or not."
In his last will and testament, Alfred Nobel specifically designated the institutions responsible for the prizes he wished to be established: The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for the Nobel Prize in Physics and Chemistry, Karolinska Institute for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, the Swedish Academy for the Nobel Prize in Literature, and a Committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Parliament (Storting) for the Nobel Peace Prize.
His last Will is as follows:
The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following way:
"The capital shall be invested by my executors in safe securities and shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics; one part to the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine; one part to the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency; and one part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity among nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiological or medical works by Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm; and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my expressed wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, so that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be Scandinavian or not."
Alfred Nobel's Will
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